This study aims to investigate the relationship between job burnout and employee performance in the feed industry during the ASF outbreak. Further, the researchers employed a descriptive-correlational research design in order to analyze the acquired data and produce pertinent findings. Thus, the researchers gathered data from one hundred two (102) feed industry employees. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) were employed to ascertain the extent of job burnout experienced by the respondents and evaluate employee performance, (...) respectively. Based on the statistical analysis, there is a significant relationship between job burnout and employee performance. Moreover, the study's findings were thoroughly analyzed and discussed. (shrink)

En juillet 2014, le colloque international de Salamanque a réuni une vingtaine de chercheurs endroit, philosophie, théologie, politique et sciences sociales. Soucieux d'articuler recherches académiques et interrogations contemporaines, ce colloque a offert un moment rare de réflexion pour penser les enjeux du monde d'aujourd'hui à la lumière de la philosophie et de la théologie. Il rend compte de la fécondité et de l'actualité du sillon creusé par l'Ecole de Salamanque, initiée au XVIe siècle par le juriste-théologien Francisco de Vitoria et (...) ses disciples. Un ouvrage pour ceux qui veulent (re) découvrir les sources bibliques, anthropologiques et théologiques de la pensée politique moderne. (shrink)

L’auteur présente trois témoignages. Le premier montre l’influence que la figure de frère Charles de Jésus a exercée sur lui et sur ceux qui l’ont accompagné en pèlerinage. Le second explique pourquoi, aux yeux de l’auteur, le Père de Foucauld peut être considéré comme un martyr de la foi et de la charité. Le troisième raconte comment, mettant ses pas dans les pas de frère Charles, l’auteur a passé presque deux ans dans un ermitage, sur l’Assekrem, dans le Hoggar. C’est (...) là qu’est née l’intuition fondatrice des Fraternités Monastiques de Jérusalem. (shrink)

The cultural background of the nard and its mention in connection with the Sulamite in the Song of Songs helps to understand Mary's gesture of anointing Jesus' feet . This was in thanksgiving for the resurrection. The nard as an exotic and strong aromatic plant acts mainly as a metaphor for life, love and value, confirmed by the symbolic values of the other plants mentioned with it in the Song . Special reference is made to its presentation as pistitós (...) and to its economic worth. John insists that the unction was performed on Jesus' feet; and this is the right way of anointing a man reclined for a banquet, while a previous anointing of the head remains plausible. The wiping up of the perfume on Mary's part hints to her participation in Jesus; both are defined by the significance of the nard. The nard was not used in any rite of kingship, nor for burial. And so Jesus' words referring to the poor and his burial are interpreted as an ironic reproach to Judas' criticism, and not as an explanation of Mary' gesture. The difficulty of combining the mention of some oil remaining for the future when all seems already poured out is solved by applying the narrative technique of presenting synchronicity and simultaneity. (shrink)

Attestée dès le Nouveau Testament, l’invocation du Nom de Jésus est une forme de prière qui est présente tout au long de l’histoire chrétienne. Elle peut être envisagée selon trois modalités : la contemplation, la démarche thérapeutique, ou l’invocation en vue du salut. Cependant, elle n’est pas sans soulever de questions théologiques, et aussi bien l’Occident que l’Orient ont connu des conflits assez vifs à son sujet. Les dérives qui étaient dénoncées ne sont pas tant à identifier à de la (...) magie, car les croyants n’imaginaient pas acquérir un pouvoir sur Dieu par l’invocation du Nom, qu’à une forme d’idolâtrie dans laquelle une réalité créée prend la place de Dieu, dans laquelle un mot prend la place de celui qu’il désigne. (shrink)

Considerando el contexto bélico y el surgimiento de las vanguardias a inicios del siglo XX, fundamento en este trabajo las razones por las cuales la presencia del concepto de nivola, atribuida por Miguel de Unamuno para hacer referencia a la técnica literaria que emplea en su novela Niebla (1914), suscita una confrontación posible entre universos compuestos por elementos de la realidad y lo virtual. En ese sentido, será propicio explicar el procedimiento que origina esa colisión de planos establecidos. Para ello, (...) recurriré a categorías literarias que sustentan las teorías de la ficción, según la percepción de Thomas Pavel y Marie-Laure Ryan. (shrink)

Segundo de uma série de três artigos que visam a analisar a utilização do discurso alegórico – em sua vertente alegórica e hermenêutica – em três obras de José Saramago: Memorial do convento, Manual de pintura e caligrafia e O evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo. Neste segundo ensaio, enfocaremos a visão clássica sobre alegoria e metáfora, destacando as três qualidades básicas para a “boa mímeses” – a brevidade, a clareza e a verossimilhança – e os fines da alegoria retórica, os (...) quais eram determinados em função da maior ou da menor clareza existente entre sentido literal e figurado. Analisaremos ainda as diferenças estabelecidas pela Retórica clássica entre tota allegoria, permixta apertis allegoria e mala affectatio, considerando ainda como o Maneirismo e o Barroco, inverteram esses valores e de que modo o Memorial do Convento e o Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia, de José Saramago, resgatam a concepção barroca da alegoria construtiva ou retórica. (shrink)

Terceiro de uma série de três artigos que visam a analisar a utilização do discurso alegórico – em sua vertente alegórica e hermenêutica – em três obras de José Saramago: Memorial do convento, Manual de pintura e caligrafia e O evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo. Neste terceiro ensaio, enfocaremos a visão hermenêutica sobre alegoria e suas relações com a tipologia, destacando a visão dos Padres das Escrituras Sagradas, além da leitura de Santo Agostinho, do Venerável Beda e de São Tomás (...) de Aquino acerca da alegoria hermenêutica. Analisaremos, ainda, as diferenças estabelecidas por Walter Benjamin entre a alegoria e o símbolo, para mostrar como José Saramago reconstrói a alegoria hermenêutica aplicada às Sagradas Escrituras, adotando o ponto de vista benjaminiano, em O evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo. (shrink)

Primeiro de uma série de três artigos que visam a analisar a utilização do discurso alegórico – em sua vertente alegórica e hermenêutica – em três obras de José Saramago: Memorial do convento, Manual de pintura e caligrafia e O evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo. Neste primeiro ensaio, analisaremos os sentidos socioculturais das diferentes avaliações dos processos de leitura e interpretação ao longo da história, tendo em vista sua influência direta na constituição de dois diferentes tipos de alegorias: a retórica (...) e a hermenêutica. Para isso, voltaremos às primeiras práticas de leitura e interpretação, segundo a visão da antiguidade clássica, que subsidiam a limitação dos processos interpretativos que constituem as bases da alegoria retórica, chegando à experiência medieval, com a eclosão da multiplicidade de sentidos e a valorização dos processos interpretativos, que propiciam o surgimento de uma nova alegoria, de natureza hermenêutica. (shrink)

Considering the war context and the emergence of the avant-garde in the early twentieth century, I base on this work the reasons why the presence of the concept of nivola, attributed by Miguel de Unamuno to refer to the literary technique used in his novel Mist (1914), provokes a possible confrontation between universes composed of elements of reality and the virtual. In that sense, it will be appropriate to explain the procedure that originates that collision of established plans. For this, (...) I will resort to literary categories that support the theories of fiction, according to the perception of Thomas Pavel and Marie-Laure Ryan. (shrink)

La reconnaissance du Ressuscité sur le chemin d’Emmaüs est explicitement associée à l’intelligence des Écritures. Jésus se révèle dans le reparcours de « toutes les Écritures ». P. L. choisit de vérifier cette proposition à travers une relecture des livres de Samuel. Il montre comment l’histoire mouvementée des débuts de la royauté modèle l’espérance et commence à fixer les traits du messie, qui trouveront en Jésus leur accomplissement. Sans ignorer l’approche historique et critique, l’auteur s’applique avant tout à identifier la (...) production du sens dans l’épaisseur du texte. Les premiers rôles du récit sont interrogés, mais tout autant les rôles secondaires, en particulier féminins. L’option de fond est que Dieu se révèle de manière privilégiée dans les gestes de la vie ordinaire, dans la « chair », avec sa dimension d’universalité. Ainsi espérance messianique et accomplissement des Écritures acquièrent-ils une consistance non seulement historique, mais anthropologique. (shrink)

Dans son ouvrage Décadence, Michel Onfray s'en prend avec virulence au christianisme antique et à son héritage. Selon le philosophe, la personne de Jésus n'est qu'un mythe sans consistance historique et la religion chrétienne se trouve à l'origine des violences et de l'intolérance qui obscurcissent, jusqu'à nos jours, le devenir de l'Occident, à travers son lien étroit au pouvoir politique. Il revient ici à Jean-Marie Salamito de répondre point par point à ces affirmations aussi définitives que contestables : non, le (...) christianisme n'est pas un obscurantisme bon à jeter aux poubelles de l'histoire. L'existence et le message de Jésus sont bel et bien attestés. Saint Paul n'est pas l'inventeur d'une religion obscurantiste qui manie le glaive. Et l'on ne peut réduire la relation Eglise/politique au seul épisode de Constantin. Et si le christianisme décrit par Michel Onfray n'était, au fond, qu'un mythe, une vision réinventée et caricaturée, sans plus de réalité que les personnages fantasques de Lewis Carroll? (shrink)

Bien qu’on ne puisse réduire la cohérence narrative des actions racontées par le quatrième évangile à une intrigue unique, une intrigue principale articule et unifie toutes les autres: c’est l’intrigue d’action de Jésus qui le montre «posant son âme» dans une souveraine liberté, accomplissant ainsi l’oeuvre que le Père lui a donnée. La trajectoire des autres personnages est subordonnée à cette intrigue centrale, comme le montre l’exemple des disciples; quant aux micro-récits, ils peuvent pour la plupart être lus comme des (...) anticipations ou des figures de l’oeuvre unique accomplie par Jésus à la croix. (shrink)

A literary tour de force that analyzes and refutes the hypothesis that Jesus was a Cynic Was Jesus really a Cynic? This book examines the arguments submitted by some New Testament scholars who believe that Jesus and his disciples were influenced by the ethics and social behaviors of Cynic preachers in Galilee. In examining the "Cynic Jesus hypothesis," Marie-Odile Goulet-Cazé offers a reliable, accessible, and fully documented summary of Cynicism and its ideas, from Diogenes to the (...) Imperial Period, and she investigates the extent and nature of contact between Cynics and Jewish people, especially in the first century BCE and CE. While recognizing similarities between the ideas and morals of ancient Cynicism and those evident in early Christian movements, Goulet-Cazé identifies more significant, fundamental differences between them in terms of culture, theology, and worldview. (shrink)

English summary: Marie-Odile Goulet-Caze examines the thesis of some Theologians following Q, that Jesus and his disciples where highly influence by cynic preachers in Galilee. Translated into German by Lena Seehausen. German description: Mit seiner Kritik an der Zivilisation, seiner Infragestellung von sozialen Hierarchien, seiner Verachtung von Reichtumern und seiner radikalen Askese bot der Kynismus dem fruhen Christentum der ersten Jahrhunderte diverse Beruhrungspunkte. Unter den Exegeten und Theologen des Neuen Testaments findet man sogar jene, namlich die Anhanger und Befurworter (...) der Cynic hypothesis, die glauben, dass Jesus selbst und seine Wegbegleiter Kyniker in Galilaa hatten kennen konnen, und dass sie folglich ganz entscheidend von der Moral und dem Verhalten dieser Wanderprediger hatten beeinflusst werden konnen. Ein kynischer Charakter der ursprunglichen Lehre Jesu sei besonders in der sogenannten Quelle "Q" der synoptischen Evangelien ersichtlich, sofern man sie im Lichte der griechischen, ja sogar kynischen, Chrien und durch das Raster der Moral des Diogenes liest. Das vorliegende Werk pruft die Gultigkeit der These. In den darauffolgenden Jahrhunderten ubernahmen die Christen, hin- und hergerissen zwischen der Bewunderung fur die Askese der ersten Kyniker und ihrer Abneigung gegenuber der Schamlosigkeit und dem Atheismus der Hunde ihrer Epoche, vielfaltige und manchmal gegensatzliche Haltungen; mal appellierten sie an das Beispiel der Kyniker, mal beschimpften und verleumdeten sie diese von eitlem Ruhm besessenen Menschen, die in ihren Augen die Affirmation eines menschlichen Willen reprasentierten, der im Gegensatz zur religiosen Unterwerfung des christlichen Glaubens stand. Die Herausforderung dieser Studie besteht darin, die Verbindungen zwischen Kynismus und Christentum zu untersuchen, ohne die Texte zu forcieren und ohne sich irgendeiner Ideologie zu unterwerfen. (shrink)

In their recent book Radicalizing Enactivism. Basic minds without content, Dan Hutto and Erik Myin make two important criticisms of what they call autopoietic enactivism. These two criticisms are that AE harbours tacit representationalists commitments and that it has too liberal a conception of cognition. Taking the latter claim as its main focus, this paper explores the theoretical underpinnings of AE in order to tease out how it might respond to H&M. In so doing it uncovers some reasons which not (...) only appear to warrant H&M’s initial claims but also seem to point to further uneasy tensions within the AE framework. The paper goes beyond H&M by tracing the roots of these criticisms and apparent tensions to phenomenology and the role it plays in AE’s distinctive conception of strong life-mind continuity. It is highlighted that this phenomenological dimension of AE contains certain unexamined anthropomorphic and anthropogenic leanings which do not sit comfortably within its wider commitment to life-mind continuity. In light of this analysis it is suggested that AE will do well to rethink this role or ultimately run the risk of remaining theoretically unstable. The paper aims to contribute to the ongoing theoretical development of AE by highlighting potential internal tensions within its framework which need to be addressed in order for it to continue to evolve as a coherent paradigm. (shrink)

According to enactivism all living systems, from single cell organisms to human beings, are ontologically endowed with some form of teleological and sense-making agency. Furthermore, enactivists maintain that: there is no fixed pregiven world and as a consequence all organisms “bring forth” their own unique “worlds” through processes of sense-making. The first half of the paper takes these two ontological claims as its central focus and aims to clarify and make explicit the arguments and motivations underlying them. Our analysis here (...) highlights three distinct but connected problems for enactivism: these arguments do not and cannot guarantee that there is no pregiven world, instead, they end up generating a contradiction whereby a pregiven world seems to in fact be tacitly presupposed by virtue of a reliance on a tacit epistemic perspectivalism which is also inherently representationalist and as a consequence makes it difficult to satisfactorily account for the ontological plurality of worlds. Taking these considerations on board, the second half of the paper then aims to develop a more robust ontologically grounded enactivism. Drawing from biosemiotic enactivism, science and technology studies and anthropology, the paper aims to present an account which both rejects a pregiven world and coherently accounts for how organisms bring forth ontologically multiple worlds. (shrink)

The aim is to examine the multiple meanings of creativity in creative economy. The meanings which reinforce the individual aspect stress that personal characteristics may unlock the wealth that lies within people. The definitions that reinforce the organizational and social aspects understand creativity as a process, which requires knowledge, networks, and technologies that interconnect novel ideas and contexts. The perspectives which reinforce the political aspect see that creativity took the status of a doctrine to secure collaboration between government and industry. (...) However, these notions of creativity stress its instrumental utility and undermine fantasy, play, or uselessness. (shrink)

Purpose This paper aims to examine whether there are morally defensible reasons for using or operating websites that offer distributed denial-of-service attacks on a specified target to users for a price. Booters have been linked to some of the most powerful DDoS attacks in recent years. Design/methodology/approach The authors identify the various parties associated with booter websites and the means through which booters operate. Then, the authors present and evaluate the two arguments that they claim may be used to justify (...) operating and using booters: that they are a useful tool for testing the ability of networks and servers to handle heavy traffic, and that they may be used to perform DDoS attacks as a form of civil disobedience on the internet. Findings The authors argue that the characteristics of existing booters disqualify them from being morally justified as network stress testing tools or as a means of performing civil disobedience. The use of botnets that include systems without the permission of their owners undermines the legitimacy of both justifications. While a booter that does not use any third-party systems without permission might in principle be justified under certain conditions, the authors argue that it is unlikely that any existing booters meet these requirements. Practical/implications Law enforcement agencies may use the arguments presented here to justify shutting down the operation of booters, and so reduce the number of DDoS attacks on the internet. Originality/value The value of this work is in critically examining the potential justifications for using and operating booter websites and in further exploring the ethical aspects of using DDoS attacks as a form of civil disobedience. (shrink)

O presente artigo objetiva analisar a existência de uma possível contradição entre a _morale par provision_ e o sistema filosófico cartesiano. Para tanto, primeiro analisaremos a imbricação entre a teoria metafísica e a teoria moral de Descartes, buscando situar o local da _morale_ em seu edifício filosófico. Neste primeiro momento, também tentaremos engendrar o problema aqui proposto, configurado a partir da pergunta: ao aderir ao uso da opinião em sua _morale_, Descartes não abriria margem para um possível paradoxo entre o (...) desenvolvimento de seu sistema de Filosofia e a sua _morale par provision?_ Depois, apresentaremos o conteúdo da _morale, _analisando separadamente cada uma das três máximas que a compõem. Isto feito, buscaremos evidenciar a natureza racional da moral cartesiana_. _Ao fim do trabalho, pretendemos dissipar o aparente paradoxo ao defender a tese de que o conteúdo das três máximas da _morale par provision_ (moderação, resolução e felicidade) conferem a ela uma natureza racional, o que torna justificado o uso de opiniões, que, mesmo sem possuir um valor de clareza, distinção e evidência, ainda assim são úteis para o desenvolvimento da investigação filosófica, o que coloca a _morale_ na condição de ser um fator imprescindível ao desenvolvimento da filosofia cartesiana. (shrink)

Apresentamos a tradução para o português do artigo de Kisukidi, o qual aborda de maneira inovadora a questão política encontrada no último grande livro do filósofo francês Henri Bergson. Este artigo aponta como a filosofia política que surge em As Duas fontes da moral e da religião é relevante ainda hoje.

A interação entre indivíduos depende de uma complexa teia de relações na filosofia de David Hume, que necessitam da maneira como o encadeamento de ideias é feita na mente humana, estando estes assentados sobre os mesmos princípios que fornecem a inclinação do sujeito para asseverar sobre os eventos da matéria. Mais do que ancorar sua teoria da Moral ou da Política sobre os mesmos princípios da crença, a filosofia humeana parece adotar um caminho que se configura por uma via em (...) mão dupla, pois é justamente neste espaço da interação social que o sujeito, ou cada indivíduo de uma sociedade, encontra o alicerce para a fixação da própria crença, aparentemente individual, no fluxo da matéria. Neste sentido, não é apenas a aprendizagem dos costumes que depende da interação social do indivíduo, mas também vemos um grau forte de dependência até mesmo na formação dos termos que são referidos às ideias gerais; sendo importante notar que esta aprendizagem necessita do ponto inicial do reconhecimento do outro para ser efetivada. Desta forma, a nossa pesquisa busca compreender os primeiros fundamentos para esta armação complexa da estrutura cognitiva do sujeito, que precisa tecer para construir os fortes pontos de amarração com o tecido social, fornecendo as linhas de fixação do sujeito com o mundo. (shrink)

Many physicians are involved in relationships that create tension between a physician's duty to work in her patients’ best interest at all times and her financial arrangement with a third party, most often a pharmaceutical manufacturer, whose primary goal is maximizing sales or profit. Despite the prevalence of this threat, in the United States and globally, the most common reaction to conflicts of interest in medicine is timid acceptance. There are few calls for conflicts of interest to be banned, and, (...) to our knowledge, no one calls for conflicted practitioners to be reprimanded. Contrast our attitudes in medicine with public attitudes toward financial conflicts among government employees. When enforcement of rules against conflict of interest slackens in the public sector, news organizations investigate and publish their criticism. Yet even when doctors are quoted in the media promoting specific drugs, their personal financial ties to the drug maker are rarely mentioned. Policies for governmental employees are strict, condemnation is strong, and criminal statutes exist (allowing for corruption charges). Yet the evidence that conflict is problematic is, if anything, stronger in medicine than in the public sector. Policies against conflicts of interest in medicine should be at least as strong as those already existing in the public sector. (shrink)

In this commentary, we support a complex, mosaic, and multimodal approach to the evolution of intelligence. Using the arcuate fasciculus as an example of discontinuity in the evolution of neurobiological architectures, we argue that the strict dichotomy of modules versus G, adopted by Burkart et al. in the target article, is insufficient to interpret the available statistical and experimental evidence.

Résumé La fierté identitaire des femmes dans les années 1970 a disparu mais ce sont les hommes qui cultivent le plus le transgenre vers le féminin. C’est l’homme qui déclare la femme ou qui la déconstruit. D’où la nécessité du groupe La Barbe qui va de cénacle en cénacle d’hommes leur démontrer leur étroitesse d’esprit.

Le rapport à l'alténté en général et à autrui en particulier condense un noyau de possibilités multiples qui, selon l'hypothèse esquissée, s'exprìme et s'interprète dans le mode de penser et de vivre le Désir d'avenir. Oscillant entre hétérophagie et hétérophilie, ce type fondamental d'érotisme temporel s'incarne dans des configurations phénoménologiques dont la typologie idéale fait covarier une décision métaphysique avec une attitude éthique . L'analyse des contrastes qui définissent les positions onto-éthiques de Sartre, Merleau-Ponty et Lévinas devient une méthode heuristique (...) pour mettre en évidence la topologie de l'incommensurable et de l'optatif. The relation to alterity in general and to others in particular encapsulates a logical space of multiple possibilities which, according to the author's hypothesis, may be expressed and interpreted in the manner of thinking and living the Desire of future. Oscillating between heterophagia and heterophilia, this fundamental type of temporal eroticism embodies vanous phenomenological configurations whose ideal typology reveals a deep correlation between a metaphysical decision with an ethical attitude . The analysis of mutual contrasts defining Sartre's, Merleau-Ponty s and Lévinas' onto-ethic stances is adopted as a methodological device in order to elucidate a broad topology of incommensurabilia and desiderata. (shrink)